Underlying the Story
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Shamhat is one of the most fascinating characters in Gilgamesh. … Actually, we have no word in English for what Shamhat is. … She is a priestess of Ishtar… has dedicated her life to what the Babylonians considered the sacred mysteries of sexual union. … She has become an incarnation of the goddess, and with her own body reenacts the cosmic marriage.
-Gilgamesh, A New English Version, translated and adapted by Stephen Mitchell Gilgamesh is most likely the earliest written story. It is recorded on a set of tablets which are broken, with some pieces completely lost or damaged beyond recovery. But there are parts of the surviving story that just amaze me. I definitely want to get into that subject in later blogs. For now, I want to continue exploring the ways that mythologies appear to have been modified, whether purposely or not, to suit the purposes of the population or culture that happens to be in power. At many times throughout history, the “invaders” have not been a purposeful army, but merely a roaming tribe of hunter-gatherers who encroach on a stationary culture of farmers. This is possibly the most classic of opposing mythologies/ideologies, and I will present some examples later when they are relevant to my story. For now, just a couple examples of one population seeking to dominate the other by way of ideologies couched in symbolic tales. The first one is pretty well-known: the story of Cain and Able. Although this is most always presented as the story of the first murder (yet another classic type of mythic story that is found throughout the world!) the fact that God favors the offering of a dead animal over the offering of garden produce seems kind of an odd moral to modern-day readers who are concerned about the plight of animals and the environment, when a number of studies have found that a meat-based food system requires more energy, land, and water resources than a vegetarian diet. But remember that the people of the early Abrahamic tradition were nomadic herders, not settled farmers. Alternatively, consider the ancient Sumerian poem where the goddess Inanna, presented with the dueling attentions of a farmer and a shepherd, decides to marry the farmer. “The much-possessing shepherd I shall not marry… the farmer I shall marry… who makes plants grow abundantly…” Apparently, the ancient Sumerian culture developed upon a massive system of privately-owned farms that used sophisticated cultivation and irrigation techniques. Naturally, they would value growing plants over herding animals! (Note: I could not easily find a reference to this Sumerian poem anywhere besides The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology. Usually, I like to verify that a few different sources agree that something means what I think it means. In this case, though, I like the quote enough that I’m willing to leave it here for others to make their own judgments.)
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